Challenges Of Nation Building Class 12 Notes Hot 2021

Rather than just listing facts, we focus on the analytical "why" and "how" that frequently appear in board exams.

The chapter " Challenges of Nation Building " in Class 12 Political Science covers the critical period of Indian history immediately following independence in 1947. Below are the key notes and High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) concepts for revision. Three Primary Challenges challenges of nation building class 12 notes hot

| | Ruler | Crisis | Resolution | Exam Keyword | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Junagadh | Nawab Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto (Pakistan-leaning) | Acceded to Pakistan despite being surrounded by India & 80% Hindu population. | Plebiscite held in Feb 1948 → 99.9% voted for India. | Plebiscite & Popular Will | | Hyderabad | Nizam Osman Ali Khan | Wanted independent status. Had a private army (Razakars) under Kasim Razvi. | Operation Polo (Sept 1948) – Indian army annexed Hyderabad in 5 days. | Police Action / Operation Polo | | Kashmir | Maharaja Hari Singh | Initially wanted independence. Pakistani tribal raiders invaded in Oct 1947. | Hari Singh signed Instrument of Accession → India sent troops. Article 370 granted special status (now abrogated). | Special Status & Tribal Invasion | Rather than just listing facts, we focus on

Formed in 1953; it recommended boundaries based on language. States Reorganization Act (1956): Led to the creation of 14 states and 6 union territories. 📝 Key Terms for Exams Two-Nation Theory: Proposed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah/Muslim League. The paramilitary force of the Nizam of Hyderabad. Bifurcation: Three Primary Challenges | | Ruler | Crisis