Digital Systems Testing And Testable Design Solution

: Representing physical defects as mathematical models, such as the single stuck-at, bridging, delay, and functional fault models.

For many beginners, testing is viewed as a final hurdle—a necessary evil before shipping a product. In reality, testing is a parallel engineering discipline. A digital system might be functionally perfect in simulation, but physical manufacturing introduces imperfections. Silicon wafers have dust particles, photolithography steps have alignment errors, and bonding wires can be imperfect. digital systems testing and testable design solution

Fault models abstract physical defects for simulation. : Representing physical defects as mathematical models, such