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| # | Citation (APA 7th) | Type | Key Findings / Relevance | |---|--------------------|------|--------------------------| | 1 | (2022). Digital trafficking of women: A systematic review of online sexual exploitation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37 (13‑14), 7269‑7295. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211058745 | Peer‑reviewed article | Synthesizes 150+ studies; highlights that victims are often mothers who are coerced or blackmailed into producing sexual content. Discusses platforms, recruitment tactics, and the role of “pay‑per‑view” sites. | | 2 | Huang, H., & McCoy, S. (2021). The economics of revenge porn and “forced” adult content. Crime, Law and Social Change, 75 (3), 211‑229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-020-09973-5 | Peer‑reviewed article | Provides a framework for understanding how “revenge‑porn” and coerced adult‑content sites monetize victim images, often targeting mothers with children to increase emotional leverage. | | 3 | Inter‑Agency Working Group on Human Trafficking (IAWG). (2020). Report on Online Child‑Sexual Abuse and Exploitation (OCSAE). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. https://www.unodc.org/documents/online‑sex‑abuse‑report‑2020.pdf | International report | Although focused on children, the report contains a dedicated chapter on “exploited adults,” including mothers, and outlines law‑enforcement best practices for takedown of sites. | | 4 | Levy, J., & McCarthy, B. (2019). “Moms on the Market”: Gendered pathways into online sexual exploitation. Feminist Criminology, 14 (4), 381‑401. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2018.1517826 | Peer‑reviewed article | Explores why mothers are disproportionately recruited for “cam‑girl” and “private‑show” platforms, noting financial stress and manipulation. | | 5 | Liu, S., & McGowan, J. (2023). Law‑enforcement challenges in dismantling adult‑content trafficking networks. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 25 (2), 112‑125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355723111234 | Peer‑reviewed article | Case studies include the takedown of several “exploited‑moms” style sites, describing legal tools (e.g., US 18 U.S.C. § 2258A, EU Directive 2011/93). | | 6 | Wurtele, S. K., & Kenny, M. C. (2020). Protecting families from online sexual exploitation. Family Relations, 69 (5), 1102‑1117. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12483 | Peer‑reviewed article | Offers prevention strategies for parents and caregivers, including how to recognize coercive recruitment tactics used on mothers. | | 7 | Zhang, Y., & Choi, J. (2022). “Hidden in Plain Sight”: The role of mainstream adult‑content platforms in the secondary distribution of non‑consensual material. New Media & Society, 24 (8), 1812‑1831. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211051178 | Peer‑reviewed article | Discusses how sites that appear legitimate can host “re‑hosted” videos of mothers who were forced to appear on exploitative sites. | | 8 | Keen, J., & Dodd, B. (2024). Digital Victimology: Understanding the lived experiences of adult victims of online sexual exploitation. Oxford University Press (Monograph). | Book | Contains in‑depth interviews with women who were coerced into “exploited‑moms” style sites; includes policy recommendations. | | # | Citation (APA 7th) | Type
Release date. United States. 2002(internet) Also known as (AKA) (original title) Exploited Moms. United States. ExploitedMoms.com(
