$$ \phi R_n \geq \gamma_D Q_D + \gamma_L Q_L + \dots $$

Resistance against bending, shear, and axial loads. Stability: Prevention of overturning, sliding, or buckling. Fatigue: Resistance to repeated cycles of stress. 2. Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

Limit State Design (LSD), also known as Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), is the modern structural engineering standard for ensuring steel buildings are both safe and functional. Unlike older methods, it uses statistical probability to account for uncertainties in material strength and real-world loading. 🏗️ Core Concept: The "Limit State"

: The national code for Limit State Method in India.

Worked Example (concise outline)