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—the study of species-specific behavior to diagnose, treat, and prevent behavior-related health issues. Merck Veterinary Manual Core Concepts in Veterinary Behavior

Behaviors arise from competing drives:

Would you like a printable checklist or a version tailored for a specific species (e.g., dogs, cats, horses)? zoophilia.tv

Original: “Animals act out when they are stressed.” Revised: “Stressed animals may exhibit displacement behaviors (e.g., excessive grooming, pacing, or lip licking) that serve as early warning signs for clinicians.” Some exciting developments include: Elena turned back to

Recent advances in animal behavior and veterinary science have led to a better understanding of the complex relationships between animal behavior, physiology, and health. Some exciting developments include: one heartbeat at a time.

Elena turned back to her charts, a small smile playing on her lips. In the world of veterinary science, the greatest surgeries weren't performed with a scalpel—they were performed with patience, one heartbeat at a time.